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Prostitution (sex work), brothel keeping, living off the proceeds of someone else's prostitution and street solicitation are legal in New Zealand. Coercion of sex workers is illegal.〔Section 16, Prostitution Reform Act 2003.〕 Prior to 2003, indoor prostitution in New Zealand was governed by the Massage Parlours Act 1978, which allowed brothels to operate in the guise of massage parlours. However, the act defined massage parlours as public places, so laws against soliciting in a public place applied to workers in parlours, and they were sometimes raided and entrapped by police posing as clients. Workers in the parlours were also required to provide their names and addresses to the police. Advertising the sale of sex ("soliciting"), running a brothel, and living off the earnings of prostitution were illegal. These laws were changed by the Prostitution Reform Act, passed in June 2003. The decriminalisation of brothels, escort agencies and soliciting, and the substitution of a minimal regulatory model created worldwide interest; New Zealand prostitution laws are now some of the most liberal in the world. (See Prostitution and the law). Although prior to 2003 New Zealand had several laws meant to suppress prostitution, during the last decades of the 20th century, there had been a high degree of toleration of sex work in practice. Nevertheless, police continued to raid brothels, streets, and private residences of sex workers right up to the day before the Prostitution Reform Bill was passed by Parliament. ==History== The earliest known examples of the exchange of sex for material gain in New Zealand, outside of the context of slavery by Māori, occurred in the early period of contact between indigenous Māori and European and American sailors.〔Belich, James (1996) Making Peoples: A history of the New Zealanders from Polynesian settlement to the end of the nineteenth century, Allen Lane, Auckland〕〔Donne, Thomas Edward (1927) The Maori, Past and Present: an account of highly attractive, intelligent people, their doubtful origin, their customs and ways of living, art, methods of warfare, hunting and other characteristics, mental and physical, Sealey, London〕 Along with food, water and timber, sex was one of the major commodities exchanged for European goods. The Bay of Islands and in particular the town of Kororareka was notorious for this and brothels proliferated.〔(New Zealand in History )〕〔(New Zealand History online: Kororareka )〕 It is not clear whether all of these exchanges necessarily constituted prostitution in the usual sense of the word. In some cases the sex may have been part of a wider partnership between a tribe and a ship's crew, akin to a temporary marriage alliance. The amount of choice women had about their participation seems to have varied. Throughout this period there was a severe gender imbalance in the settler population and women were in short supply.〔Andre Lévesque, "Prescribers and Rebels: Attitudes to European Women’s Sexuality in New Zealand 1860-1916," Women’s Studies International Quarterly, (1981), 4: 133-43〕 In the nineteenth century, prostitution was generally referred to as the 'Social Evil'.〔Macdonald, Charlotte The ‘Social Evil’: Prostitution and the Passage of the Contagious Diseases Act (1869), in Barbara Brookes, Charlotte Macdonald and Margaret Tennant (eds) Women in History: Essays on European Women in New Zealand, 1986 Wellington: Allen and Unwin/Port Nicholson Press, pp.13–33〕 As with other British dependencies, New Zealand inherited both statute and case law from the United Kingdom, for instance the 1824 UK Vagrancy Act was in force until New Zealand passed its own Vagrancy Act (1866–1884). 〔(Walter Monro Wilson, The Practical Statutes of New Zealand, Auckland: Wayte and Batger 1867 )〕 These included reference to the common prostitute. New Zealand was also amongst those dependencies that British authorities pressured into passing Contagious Diseases Acts, New Zealand's was in force from 1869-1910. 〔(Raelene Francis: (1994) "The History of Female Prostitution in Australia" in PERKINS, R., PRESTAGE, G., SHARP, R. & LOVEJOY, F. (eds.) (1994) Sex Work and Sex Workers in Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. pp.27-52. )〕〔(Venereal Diseases in New Zealand, Report of the Special Committee of the Board of Health (1922) )〕〔Antje Kampf, ''Mapping out the Venereal Wilderness: Public Health and STD in New Zealand, 1920-1980 '', Lit, Berlin, 2007.〕 These were oppressive Acts, based on the belief, as found in the 1922 report, that women represented vectors for the spread of venereal diseases. It was replaced by the Social Hygiene Act 1917, although these fears reappeared throughout the British Empire in both World Wars.〔War Regulation Amendment Act 1916, Police Offence Emergency Regulations 1942〕 In the post war period the concern was more with 'promiscuity', although prostitution was seen as an extreme form of this. The gendered rationale and practice of venereal disease policy formed a focus for early feminist activism. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Prostitution in New Zealand」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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